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We explored the factors associated with the stress signs among children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Although children showed increased stress signs, they also showed increased development of good behavioral traits during this period. Parenting styles were significantly correlated with the psychological and physical stresses experienced by children. While a punitive parenting style had significant correlations with increased psychological and physical stress, a warm and permissive parenting style had positive correlations with increased good behavioral traits and behaviors of children even during the pandemic. Social support enhanced mothers’ self-esteem and positive perceptions among children. These findings provide us with important clues to support families, during the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This article substantiates the relevance of the introduction into psychological science and practice of the phenomenon of «reflexive portrait of personality». Theoretically and empirically the concept of «reflexive portrait of personality» (on the example of mothers raising children of preschool age) is justified. The respondents in the empirical study were women aged 20 to 35 years. Based on the results of the empirical study, the reflexive profiles of respondents are presented, allowing them to quantitatively see the severity of certain indicators of protective reflection. Qualitative (descriptive) characteristics of a profile are reflected in reflexive portraits of respondents. The diagnostic tools were the projective test «Cognitive-emotive test» (Orlov Yu.M., Morozyuk S.N.), the activity reflection test (Shadrikov V.D., Kurginyan S.S., Kuznetsova M.D.), the questionnaire «Differential type of reflection» (Leontiev D.A., Lapteva E.M., Osin E.N.), the test-questionnaire of parental attitude (Varga A.Ya., Stolin V.V.) and the questionnaire for parents «Analysis of family relationships» (Еidemiller E.G., Justitskis V.V.). Based on the data of an empirical study reflexive portraits of mothers with the style of parental attitude «Acceptance» are presented (A.Ya. Varga, V.V. Stolin). The description shows the reflexive strategies and tactics of the mother’s behavior in the process of communicating with the child. The authors of the article suggest a Protocol for a sanogenic session and an algorithm for consulting with mothers.

Using data from a sample of Chinese children (n = 297) aged 3–6 years in Beijing, we examined the characteristics of Chinese parenting styles and the relationship with children’s developmental outcomes. A 6-month follow-up study of 110 of the 297 participants further explored the long-term effect of parenting styles on children’s development. Results showed that: (a) the mean scores of the four dimensions of authoritative parenting were significantly higher than those in the four dimensions of authoritarian parenting; (b) democratic participation positively predicted children’s mathematics and science, and non-reasoning/punitive strategies negatively predicted children’s social-emotional and cognitive development in Wave 1; (c) in Wave 2, verbal hostility positively predicted children’s cognitive development, and directiveness positively predicted children’s social relations.