Li X., Xie J. Parenting styles of Chinese families and children’s social-emotional and cognitive developmental outcomes
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Li X. & Xie J. (2018) Parenting styles of Chinese families and children’s social-emotional and cognitive developmental outcomes. Preschool Education Today. 5:12, 54–63. (in Russian)
This work is licensed under a Сreative Commons Atribiution - NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Abstract
Using data from a sample of Chinese children (n = 297) aged 3–6 years in Beijing, we examined the characteristics of Chinese parenting styles and the relationship with children’s developmental outcomes. A 6-month follow-up study of 110 of the 297 participants further explored the long-term effect of parenting styles on children’s development. Results showed that: (a) the mean scores of the four dimensions of authoritative parenting were significantly higher than those in the four dimensions of authoritarian parenting; (b) democratic participation positively predicted children’s mathematics and science, and non-reasoning/punitive strategies negatively predicted children’s social-emotional and cognitive development in Wave 1; (c) in Wave 2, verbal hostility positively predicted children’s cognitive development, and directiveness positively predicted children’s social relations.
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25. Mattanah, J. F., M. W. Pratt, P. A. Cowan, and C. P. Cowan. 2005. “Authoritative Parenting, Parental Scaffolding of Long-Division Mathematics, and Children’s Academic Competence in Fourth Grade.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 26 (1): 85–106. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.10.007.
26. McHale, J. P., N. Rao, and A. D. Krasnow. 2000. “Constructing Family Climates: Chinese Mothers” Reports of Their co-Parenting Behaviour and Preschoolers” Adaptation.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 24 (1): 111–118. doi:10.1080/016502500383548.
27. Muhtadie, L., Q. Zhou, N. Eisenberg, and Y. Wang. 2013. “Predicting Internalizing Problems in Chinese Children: The Unique and Interactive Effects of Parenting and Child Temperament.” Development and Psychopathology 25 (3): 653–667. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000084.
28. Nelson, L. J., L. M. Padilla-Walker, K. J. Christensen, C. A. Evans, and J. S. Carroll. 2011. “Parenting in Emerging Adulthood: An Examination of Parenting Clusters and Correlates.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 40 (6): 730–743. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9584-8.
29. O’Reilly, J., and C. C. Peterson. 2014. “Theory of Mind at Home: Linking Authoritative and Authoritarian Parenting Styles to Children’s Social Understanding.” Early Child Development and Care 184 (12): 1934–1947. doi:10.1080/03004430.2014.894034.
30. Otto, W. J. 2013. “East Asian Parenting Beliefs, Styles, and Practices: Korean-American Children’s Perceptions and Achievement.” Dissertations & Theses Grad Works, 46–53.
31. Qin, D. B. 2008. “Doing Well vs. Feeling Well: Understanding Family Dynamics and the Psychological Adjustment of Chinese Immigrant Adolescents.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 37 (1): 22–35. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9220-4.
32. Qin, D. B., and E.-J. Han. 2011. “The Achievement/Adjustment Paradox: Understanding the Psychosocial Struggles of Asian American Children and Adolescents.” In Immigrant Children: Change, Adaptation, and Cultural Transformation, edited by S. S. Chuang and R. P. Moreno, 75–97. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
33. Ren, L., and C. P. Edwards. 2015. “Pathways of Influence: Chinese Parents” Expectations, Parenting Styles, and Child Social Competence.” Early Child Development and Care 185 (4): 614–630. doi:10.1080/03004430.2014.944908.
34. Robinson, C. C., B. Mandleco, S. F. Olsen, and C. H. Hart. 1995. “Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive Parenting Practices: Development of a new Measure.” Psychological Reports 77 (3): 819–830. doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819.
35. Thompson, E. 2011. Planning Around the Preschool COR. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press. 1. Wang, Q., and L. Chang. 2010. “Parenting and Child Socialization in Contemporary China.” In The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Psychology, edited by M. H. Bond, 53–68. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
36. Wang, M., and X. Xing. 2014. “Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Corporal Punishment in China: The Moderating Role of Spouse’s Corporal Punishment.” Journal of Family Violence 29 (2): 119–128. doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9574-1.
37. Wang, M., H. Zou, X. Li, W. Zhang, Y. Wang, and S. Jiang. 2015. “Marital Conflict and Preschool Children’s Parenting Styles: The Moderating Role of Parental Emotion Regulation Strategies.” [In Chinese] Psychological Development and Education 31 (3): 279–286. doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.03.04.
38. Way, N., S. Okazaki, J. Zhao, J. J. Kim, X. Chen, H. Yoshikawa, Y. Jia, and H. Deng. 2013. “Social and Emotional Parenting: Mothering in a Changing Chinese Society.” Asian American Journal of Psychology 4: 61–70. doi:10.1037/a0031204.
39. Wu, P., C. C. Robinson, C. Yang, C. H. Hart, S. F. Olsen, C. L. Porter, S. Jin, J. Wo, and X. Wu. 2002. “Similarities and Differences in Mothers” Parenting of Preschoolers in China and the United States.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 26 (6): 481–491. doi:10.1080/01650250143000436.
40. Xing, X. 2013. “Parental Corporal Punishment in China: Changing Trends, Influencing Factors, and its Relation with Children’s Behavioral Problems.” [In Chinese]. Dissertations & Theses Grad Works, 36–45.
41. Xinhua. 2011, April 8. “Tiger Mother Caused a Debate about Cultural Differences between Eastern and Western in Parenting.” [Newsgroup]. http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-04/08/c_121282191.htm.
42. Xu, Y., J. A. M. Farver, Z. Zhang, Q. Zeng, L. Yu, and B. Cai. 2005. “Mainland Chinese Parenting Styles and Parent-Child Interaction.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 29 (6): 524–531. doi:10.1177/01650250500147121.
43. Zhang, W. 1999. “The Development of Children’s Social Perspective-taking and its Relation to Their Peer Interactions.” [In Chinese]. Acta Psychologica Sinica 31 (4): 418–427.
44. Zhao, M., S. Deng, S. Zheng, and X. Zhou. 2004. “From Grandparent to Surrogate Parents: Literature Reviews on the Roles of Grandparents in Western World.” [In Chinese]. Psychological Development and Education 20 (4): 94–96. doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2004.04.018.
45. Zhou, Q., N. Eisenberg, Y. Wang, and M. Reiser. 2004. “Chinese Children’s Effortful Control and Dispositional Anger/Frustration: Relations to Parenting Styles and Children’s Social Functioning.” Developmental Psychology 40 (3): 352–366. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.352.
2. Arnett, J. J. 2008. “The Neglected 95%: Why American Psychology Needs to Become Less American.” American Psychologist 63 (7): 602–614. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.602.
3. Ateah, C. A., and J. E. Durrant. 2005. “Maternal use of Physical Punishment in Response to Child Misbehavior: Implications for Child Abuse Prevention.” Child Abuse and Neglect 29: 169–185. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.10.010.
4. Beaver, K. M., and J. Belsky. 2012. “Gene-environment Interaction and the Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting: Testing the Differential-Susceptibility Hypothesis.” Psychiatric Quarterly 83 (1): 29–40. doi:10.1007/s11126-011-9180-4.
5. Bornstein, M. H., and J. E. Landsford. 2010. “Parenting.” In Hand-book of Cultural Developmental Science, edited by M. H. Bornstein, 259–277. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
6. Chan, S. M., J. Bowes, and S. Wyver. 2009. “Chinese Parenting in Hong Kong: Links among Goals, Beliefs and Styles.” Early Child Development and Care 179 (7): 849–862. doi:10.1080/03004430701536525.
7. Chao, R. K., and C. Aque. 2009. “Interpretations of Parental Control by Asian Immigrant and European American Youth.” Journal of Family Psychology 23 (3): 342–354. doi:10.1037/a0015828.
8. Chao, R. K., and V. Tseng. 2002. “Parenting of Asians.” In Handbook of Parenting: Vol. 4. Social Conditions and Applied Parenting, edited by M. H. Bornstein, 2nd ed., 59–93. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. Cheah, C. S. L., C. Y. Y. Leung, and N. Zhou. 2013. “Understanding “Tiger Parenting” Through the Perceptions of Chinese Immigrant Mothers: Can Chinese and U.S. Parenting Coexist?” Asian American Journal of Psychology 4 (1): 30–40. doi:10.1037/a0031217.
10. Chen, F. 1998. “Authoritative and Authoritarian Parenting of Mothers with Preschool Children in Taiwan.” Dissertations & Theses Grad Works, 39–42.
11. Chen, X., P. D. Hastings, K. H. Rubin, H. Chen, G. Cen, and S. L. Stewart. 1998. “Child-rearing Attitudes and Behavioral Inhibition in Chinese and Canadian Toddlers: A Cross-Cultural Study.” Developmental Psychology 34 (4): 677–686. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.4.677.
12. Chen, H.-M., and D. C. Lewis. 2015. “Chinese Grandparents” Involvement in Their Adult Children’s Parenting Practices in the United States.” Contemporary Family Therapy 37 (1): 58–71. doi:10.1007/s10591-014-9321-7.
13. Chua, A. 2011. Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. New York, NY: Penguin Press.
14. Darling, N., and L. Steinberg. 1993. “Parenting Style as Context: An Integrative Model.” Psychological Bulletin 113 (3): 487–496. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
15. Fang, P., R. Xiong, and C. Guo. 2003. “Parenting Styles and Child Academic Achievement.” [In Chinese]. Psychological Science 26 (1): 78–81.
16. Huang, J., and L. Prochner. 2003. “Chinese Parenting Styles and Children’s Self-Regulated Learning.” Journal of Research in Childhood Education 18 (3): 227–238. doi:10.1080/02568540409595037.
17. Kawabata, Y., L. R. A. Alink, W.-L. Tseng, M. H. van IJzendoorn, and N. R. Crick. 2011. “Maternal and Paternal Parenting Styles Associated with Relational Aggression in Children and Adolescents: A Conceptual Analysis and Meta-Analytic Review.” Developmental Review 31 (4): 240–278. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2011.08.001.
18. Kim, S. Y., Y. Wang, D. Orozco-Lapray, Y. Shen, and M. Murtuza. 2013. “Does “Tiger Parenting” Exist? Parenting Profiles of Chinese Americans and Adolescent Developmental Outcomes.” Asian American Journal of Psychology 4 (1): 7–18. doi:10.1037/a0030612.
19. Kiuru, N., K. Aunola, M. Torppa, M.-K. Lerkkanen, A.-M. Poikkeus, P. Niemi, Jaana Viljaranta, et al. 2012. “The Role of Parenting Styles and Teacher Interactional Styles in Children’s Reading and Spelling Development.” Journal of School Psychology 50 (6): 799–823. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2012.07.001.
20. Lee, E. H., Q. Zhou, N. Eisenberg, and Y. Wang. 2013. “Bidirectional Relations Between Temperament and Parenting Styles in Chinese Children.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 37 (1): 57–67. doi:10.1177/0165025412460795.
21. Lin, F. 2008. “Solving Multicollinearity in the Process of Fitting Regression Model Using the Nested Estimate Procedure.” Quality & Quantity 42 (1): 417–426. doi:10.1007/s11135-006-9055-1.
22. Liu, M., and F. Guo. 2010. “Parenting Practices and Their Relevance to Child Behaviors in Canada and China.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 51 (2): 109–114. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00795.x.
23. Locke, L. M., and R. J. Prinz. 2002. “Measurement of Parental Discipline and Nurturance.” Clinical Psychology Review 22 (6): 895–929. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00133-2.
24. Luo, R., C. S. Tamis-Lemonda, and L. Song. 2013. “Chinese Parents” Goals and Practices in Early Childhood.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 28 (4): 843–857. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.08.001.
25. Mattanah, J. F., M. W. Pratt, P. A. Cowan, and C. P. Cowan. 2005. “Authoritative Parenting, Parental Scaffolding of Long-Division Mathematics, and Children’s Academic Competence in Fourth Grade.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 26 (1): 85–106. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.10.007.
26. McHale, J. P., N. Rao, and A. D. Krasnow. 2000. “Constructing Family Climates: Chinese Mothers” Reports of Their co-Parenting Behaviour and Preschoolers” Adaptation.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 24 (1): 111–118. doi:10.1080/016502500383548.
27. Muhtadie, L., Q. Zhou, N. Eisenberg, and Y. Wang. 2013. “Predicting Internalizing Problems in Chinese Children: The Unique and Interactive Effects of Parenting and Child Temperament.” Development and Psychopathology 25 (3): 653–667. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000084.
28. Nelson, L. J., L. M. Padilla-Walker, K. J. Christensen, C. A. Evans, and J. S. Carroll. 2011. “Parenting in Emerging Adulthood: An Examination of Parenting Clusters and Correlates.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 40 (6): 730–743. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9584-8.
29. O’Reilly, J., and C. C. Peterson. 2014. “Theory of Mind at Home: Linking Authoritative and Authoritarian Parenting Styles to Children’s Social Understanding.” Early Child Development and Care 184 (12): 1934–1947. doi:10.1080/03004430.2014.894034.
30. Otto, W. J. 2013. “East Asian Parenting Beliefs, Styles, and Practices: Korean-American Children’s Perceptions and Achievement.” Dissertations & Theses Grad Works, 46–53.
31. Qin, D. B. 2008. “Doing Well vs. Feeling Well: Understanding Family Dynamics and the Psychological Adjustment of Chinese Immigrant Adolescents.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 37 (1): 22–35. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9220-4.
32. Qin, D. B., and E.-J. Han. 2011. “The Achievement/Adjustment Paradox: Understanding the Psychosocial Struggles of Asian American Children and Adolescents.” In Immigrant Children: Change, Adaptation, and Cultural Transformation, edited by S. S. Chuang and R. P. Moreno, 75–97. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
33. Ren, L., and C. P. Edwards. 2015. “Pathways of Influence: Chinese Parents” Expectations, Parenting Styles, and Child Social Competence.” Early Child Development and Care 185 (4): 614–630. doi:10.1080/03004430.2014.944908.
34. Robinson, C. C., B. Mandleco, S. F. Olsen, and C. H. Hart. 1995. “Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive Parenting Practices: Development of a new Measure.” Psychological Reports 77 (3): 819–830. doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819.
35. Thompson, E. 2011. Planning Around the Preschool COR. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press. 1. Wang, Q., and L. Chang. 2010. “Parenting and Child Socialization in Contemporary China.” In The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Psychology, edited by M. H. Bond, 53–68. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
36. Wang, M., and X. Xing. 2014. “Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Corporal Punishment in China: The Moderating Role of Spouse’s Corporal Punishment.” Journal of Family Violence 29 (2): 119–128. doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9574-1.
37. Wang, M., H. Zou, X. Li, W. Zhang, Y. Wang, and S. Jiang. 2015. “Marital Conflict and Preschool Children’s Parenting Styles: The Moderating Role of Parental Emotion Regulation Strategies.” [In Chinese] Psychological Development and Education 31 (3): 279–286. doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.03.04.
38. Way, N., S. Okazaki, J. Zhao, J. J. Kim, X. Chen, H. Yoshikawa, Y. Jia, and H. Deng. 2013. “Social and Emotional Parenting: Mothering in a Changing Chinese Society.” Asian American Journal of Psychology 4: 61–70. doi:10.1037/a0031204.
39. Wu, P., C. C. Robinson, C. Yang, C. H. Hart, S. F. Olsen, C. L. Porter, S. Jin, J. Wo, and X. Wu. 2002. “Similarities and Differences in Mothers” Parenting of Preschoolers in China and the United States.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 26 (6): 481–491. doi:10.1080/01650250143000436.
40. Xing, X. 2013. “Parental Corporal Punishment in China: Changing Trends, Influencing Factors, and its Relation with Children’s Behavioral Problems.” [In Chinese]. Dissertations & Theses Grad Works, 36–45.
41. Xinhua. 2011, April 8. “Tiger Mother Caused a Debate about Cultural Differences between Eastern and Western in Parenting.” [Newsgroup]. http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-04/08/c_121282191.htm.
42. Xu, Y., J. A. M. Farver, Z. Zhang, Q. Zeng, L. Yu, and B. Cai. 2005. “Mainland Chinese Parenting Styles and Parent-Child Interaction.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 29 (6): 524–531. doi:10.1177/01650250500147121.
43. Zhang, W. 1999. “The Development of Children’s Social Perspective-taking and its Relation to Their Peer Interactions.” [In Chinese]. Acta Psychologica Sinica 31 (4): 418–427.
44. Zhao, M., S. Deng, S. Zheng, and X. Zhou. 2004. “From Grandparent to Surrogate Parents: Literature Reviews on the Roles of Grandparents in Western World.” [In Chinese]. Psychological Development and Education 20 (4): 94–96. doi:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2004.04.018.
45. Zhou, Q., N. Eisenberg, Y. Wang, and M. Reiser. 2004. “Chinese Children’s Effortful Control and Dispositional Anger/Frustration: Relations to Parenting Styles and Children’s Social Functioning.” Developmental Psychology 40 (3): 352–366. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.352.