2024, 4

Sensitivity and initiative of mother and child as conditions for building joint attention

2024, 4 p. 8-23

257

Background. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the early childhood period in a child’s development. During this period, the foundations are formed: attitude to oneself, adults and the surrounding world, there is an active development of physical and mental functions. The determining factor in the development of a young child is the nature of communication with a close adult and joint activities with him. In a number of studies, the process of joint attention appears as such interaction, which is defined as directing the attention of an adult and a child to the same goal, an object in space. At present, the conditions for building joint attention in the process of interaction between a close adult and a young child are insufficiently described, which does not allow typologizing this process, diagnosing it, and designing development programs. In our study, as conditions for building joint attention, we propose to consider the indicators of sensitivity and initiative of the mother and child, which manifest themselves in the process of interaction and are built in different relationships, which allows us to determine the types of joint attention.

Objective. To show how joint attention is built with different indicators of initiative and sensitivity of the mother and young child.

Sample. The empirical study was conducted on a sample of 29 couples (mother and child from one to three years old) attending group classes on early development in a family center.

Methods. Based on L.S. Vygotsky’s cultural-historical concept of development and John Bowlby’s theory of attachment, a criterion- evaluation assessment of the interaction of mother and child in a couple according to the indicators of sensitivity and initiative has been developed and described. For each indicator, the authors’ research and substantial justifications are given.

Results. Four types of interaction between mothers and young children and an assessment of joint attention in each type of interaction are identified and presented. These studies allow us to see the basic conditions for building the process of joint attention, to consider their role and impact on the result and its quality.

Conclusions. The highlighted conditions for building joint attention allow us to build educational programs for working with pairs of mothers and children, which can be aimed at developing its components: increasing the mother’s sensitivity to the child’s sensitivity and initiative, actualizing pleasure in interaction, developing mothers’ initiative, and expanding the methods for stimulating the child’s initiative.

Keywords: joint attention adult sensitivity adult initiative child sensitivity child initiative

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2782-4519-2024-4124-8-23

Playful interaction of senior preschoolers with parents as a resource of the developing microenvironment in the context of digitalization

2024, 4 p. 24-36

Belova E.S. , Shumakova N.B.

380

Background. The relevance of the study is determined, on the one hand, by the significance of the problem of parent-child play interaction as an important aspect of family education, and on the other hand, by the insufficiency of its studies in the modern conditions of rapidly occurring profound changes in society, affecting the family microenvironment.

Objectives. 1) To identify and analyze the characteristics of play interaction between senior preschoolers with their parents, taking into account the possibilities of using digital devices. 2) To study the influence of the frequency of joint computer games in a family setting on the intellectual and creative development of children.

Sample. The study involved 180 preschoolers aged 6-7 years (Mage = 6.8, SD = 0.34; 88 boys, 92 girls), as well as their parents, mainly mothers. All preschoolers and their parents were the residents of Moscow. Most children (92.78%) attended preschool educational institutions.

Methods. A survey of parents was conducted. To diagnose children’s development, the following methods were used: a test method for diagnosing intellectual abilities (MEDIS); structured observation and expert assessments of children’s participation in a game lesson to reveal creative and intellectual potential. Methods of qualitative and quantitative data analysis were used (Jamovi 1.6.23 statistical package).

Results. In most families, play interaction between modern senior preschoolers and parents is implemented both in the form of traditional games (board, outdoor, role-playing, etc.) and computer games. However, the frequency of their use varies. In general, traditional games are chosen more often than computer games. At the same time, mothers are more likely to play traditional games with their children than fathers. When using gadgets, the opposite trend is observed: fathers are more likely than mothers to play computer games with their children. Preschoolers who rarely played computer games with their moms or dads had higher intellectual test scores.

Conclusions. The results of the study allow us to expand scientific understanding of the play interactions between modern senior preschoolers and parents. The need for psychological and pedagogical support for parents in choosing and organizing joint games with children is highlighted. The data obtained can be used in the development of recommendations to parents on the creation of a developing family microenvironment, in particular, on its digitalization.

Keywords: play play interaction preschoolers parents senior preschool age developmental microenvironment intellectual development digitalization

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2782-4519-2024-4124-24-36

Communication as an indicator of socialization of children aged 6–7 years old in an inclusive educational environment

2024, 4 p. 38-47

Marchenko A.I. , Murashova I.Y.

349

Background. The article highlights the problem of communication and socialization of older preschool children with severe speech impairments and with normal speech development, attending preparatory groups of combined kindergartens for school. In recent years, in kindergartens, groups of a combined orientation that are inclusive are increasingly functioning, which necessitates the search for effective ways of psychological and pedagogical work.

Objectives. The purpose of the work is to study the state of communication of preschoolers 6–7 years old with severe speech impairments in comparison with peers with normal speech development, in relation to indicators of their socialization in inclusive educational conditions.

Sample. In total, the study involved 60 children aged 6–7 years who attended preparatory groups of a combined orientation of Irkutsk kindergarten No. 153. Of these, 30 preschoolers had normal speech development and the same number with severe speech impairments.

Methods. The following methods were used in the study: “Studying communication and the nature of interpersonal relationships” (Aizman et al., 1994); the method of expert scale assessment of the development of social forms of behavior in older preschoolers by A.M. Shchetinina and L.V. Kirs (Shchetinina, 2000).

Results. It was found that children aged 6–7 years with speech disorders have significantly lower communication and socialization rates than their peers with normal speech ontogenesis. It was shown that studying the level of communication of preschool children can serve both as a reliable indicator of their preschool socialization and a basis for determining the conditions of psychological support for children with severe speech disorders in an inclusive environment.

Conclusions. Data were obtained on the communication of preschoolers studying in inclusive conditions. Firstly, the constant communication of 6–7-year-old children with normal speech development with peers with severe speech disorders in conditions of inclusion does not influence their communicative and social development. Secondly, despite the fact that severe speech disorders in children aged 6-7 years cause imperfection in the formation of communication skills and, in general, their socialization, an increase in the frequency of communication with peers has a positive effect on their social development for all preschoolers.

Keywords: combined groups severe speech disorders communication skills social development inclusive educational environment

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2782-4519-2024-4124-38-47

The concept of a peer of older preschoolers with different sociometric status

2024, 4 p. 48-56

Kondratiuk M.I.

338

Background. There is the is one of the most important in pedagogy and psychology problem of relationships between preschoolers. The nature of the relationship between children at this age has a significant impact on the process of development and socialization; understanding the differences in ideas about peers in older preschool children with different sociometric status reveals the features of their interaction.

Objectives. The study identified the characteristics of the idea of a peer in older preschool children with different sociometric status.

Sample. The study involved 140 preschoolers aged 6-7 years, including 69 girls and 71 boys, who had been attending state preschool educational institutions for at least two years. Consent was obtained from all preschoolers’ parents of to conduct the psychological study.

Methods. The following methods were used: “Dva domika” (“Two Houses”) by T.D. Martsinkovskaya; “Rasskaz o druge” (“A Story about a Friend”) by E.O. Smirnova, V.M. Kholmogorova; “Neokonchennyye situatsii” (“Unfinished Situations”) by A.M. Shchetinina, L.V. Kirs; “Le Test-Film” (“Film Test”) by R. Gille.

Results. The results were obtained on the differences in the ideas about peers in older preschool children with different sociometric status. Thus, preschoolers with high and average sociometric status have a positive idea of peers, open and safe for communication. When children with low sociometric status imagine peers more negatively and are wary of them, they are less inclined to establish close relationships with other children and may experience communication difficulties.

Conclusions. There is a relationship between sociometric status in a peer group and the idea of a peer in children of early to school age. The obtained results emphasize the importance of sociometric status and the need to take into account the position of a preschooler in a group when building individual work.

Keywords: sociometric status preschoolers peer relationships sociometric procedure

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2782-4519-2024-4124-48-56

Assessment of the skills of first-grade students to carry out self-regulation

2024, 4 p. 57-69

Stankevich O.A.

318

Background. The rapid pace of change in the modern world, including the increase in the volume of information, the speed of updating the system of scientific knowledge, the growth of requirements imposed on a person, set the task of preparing students for the challenges of modernity, when it is necessary to adequately assess what is happening, act in a situation of uncertainty taking into account a variety of conditions, i.e. to carry out self-regulation.

Objective. The purpose of this study is to assess the skills of first-grade students to carry out self-regulation at the level of representations and as a result of solving computer diagnostic problems.

Sampling. The study involved 78 first-grade students, whose average age was 6–7 years old at the time of diagnosis.

Methods. The study used such methods as a survey (questionnaire “Style of self-regulation of children’s behavior (2) - SSPD-M2” (V.I. Morosanova)), computer diagnostics methods (methods “Two-color Schulte tables” (adapted by A.R. Agris, T.V. Akhutina, A.A. Korneev, E.Yu. Matveeva) and “DOT points (Hearts and Flowers)” (Davidson M.C., Diamond A., adapted by A.R. Agris, T.V. Akhutina, A.A. Korneev, E.Yu. Matveeva).

Results. Differences in the ideas of first-graders to carry out self-regulation and their skills to carry it out when solving the proposed tasks are revealed.

Conclusions. The formation of a self-regulation system in primary school students is an urgent psychological and pedagogical task of modern education. The prospects for using the results obtained are related to their implementation in the educational process (organization of students’ educational activities, conducting educational and support classes, etc.), including in the training of future primary school teachers, and use in scientific and methodological support of education.

Keywords: self-regulation primary school age educational activity learning ability primary education

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2782-4519-2024-4124-57-69

The role of zone of proximate development in diagnostic of intellectual development in Mexican children

2024, 4 p. 70-80

Solovieva Yu.V. , Quintanar Rojas L.

229

Background. The process of intellectual ontogenetic development and the ways for its evaluation have been studied by many prominent psychologists Piaget (1973), Wallon (1942), Zaporozhets (1986), Galperin (1998). However, there are few works which consider the zone of proximate development (Vygotsky, 1983) during evaluation of intellectual development in children.

Objective. The present study is an attempt of elaboration and application of such procedure to children who live in different social and economic conditions.

Sampling. The study took place in Mexico. 1120 school children of both sexes from different levels of living (rural, suburban, lower urban and higher urban) were selected. The age of children was from 6 to 12 years. Each socio-economic group consisted of 280 children: 20 children from each school grade (10 girls and 10 boys). The school grades comprehend the last grade of kinder garden and 6 grades of elementary school according to educational system in Mexico.

Methods. The Scheme of Evaluation of Intellectual Development was elaborated and applied to all children. The Scheme represents the evaluation of the zone of proximate development as the plan of fulfilment of the experimental task (verbal, images or actions) after presentation of orientation base of action (Galperin, 1976; Talyzina, 1984; Karpov, 1983; Talyzina, Karpov, 1987). The Scheme consists of two intellectual tasks, which are presented in different plans of intellectual development: verbal, images or actions.

Results. At first, the possibility of initial execution without helping has been verified. The results showed impossibility of execution of the initial task: 82% in rural group; 74.64% in suburban group; 64.64% in lower urban group and 71. 42% in higher urban group for the first task and 65.35% in rural group; 62.50% for suburban group; 52.85% for lower urban and 46.42% for higher urban group. The analyses of variance pointed out significant difference between the groups. However, that, after the orientation base of action has been provided, the majority of children who had failed in the initial task was able to realize it on different levels. The execution on verbal level was very high: 62.17 % in rural group; 61.27% in suburban group; 75.30% in lower urban group and 77.95% in higher urban group for the first task and 48.00% in rural group; 56.80% for suburban group; 59.58% for lower urban group and 66.14% in higher urban group for the second task. Significant difference was found only for levels of helping during presentation of orientation base of action.

Conclusions. These results show the ability of children from all groups to work in the zone of proximate development and realize the intellectual task after previous orientation. According to our study children are able to achieve verbal level which indicates the existence of broad zone of proximate development. The discussion is based on the paper of the zone of proximate development (Vygotsky, 1991) and of the orientation base of action given by adult (Galperin, 1996; Talizina, 2000) in the formation of intellectual activity in pre-scholars and scholars from different social and economic groups.

Keywords: zone of proximate development diagnostic intellectual development Mexican children

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2782-4519-2024-4124-70-80

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