Koeun Kim. Early Childhood Teachers’ Work and Technology in an Era of Assessment

This work is licensed under a Сreative Commons Atribiution - NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Abstract
This paper provides an empirical account of the complex nature of early childhood teachers’ work with growing accountability demands for collecting, reporting, and using child assessment data in the U.S. context. Particularly, this paper focuses on preschool teachers’ experience of changes in their roles and pedagogical work in implementing a criterion-referenced, commercial online child assessment system. In doing so, this paper draws on data from a qualitative research study conducted at four Head Start sites that included semi-structured, individual interviews with six teachers and five child development specialists during three different assessment checkpoint periods; multiple observations of four Head Start classrooms for five months; and an analysis of related documents. The findings from this paper highlight that the use of commercial online childhood assessment system increased and expanded teacher work with additional responsibilities and concomitant change in assessment, curriculum, and pedagogy, as well as their views of themselves as professionals.
References
1. A guide to TS Gold: Interrater Reliability Certification. 2012. Teaching Strategies Gold, Inc. https://www2.teachingstrategies.com/content/GOLD/helpitems/IRRGuide.pdf.
2. Apple, Michael W. 1986. Teachers and Texts. New York: Routledge.
3. Balajthy, E. 2007. “Technology and Current Reading/Literacy Assessment Strategies.” The Reading Teacher 61 (3): 240–247.
4. Ball, S. J. 2003. “The Teacher’s Soul and the Terrors of Performativity.” Journal of Education Policy 18 (2): 215–228.
5. Ballet, K., and G. Kelchtermans. 2008. “Workload and Willingness to Change: Disentangling the Experience of Intensification.” Journal of Curriculum Studies 40 (1): 47–67.
6. Ballet, K., and G. Kelchtermans. 2009. “Struggling with Workload: Primary Teachers’ Experience of Intensification.” Teaching and Teacher Education 25: 1150–1157.
7. Bown, K., and J. Sumsion. 2007. “Voices from the Other Side of the Fence: Early Childhood Teachers’ Experiences with Mandatory Regulatory Requirements.” Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 8 (1): 30–49.
8. Bradbury, A. 2012. “‘I Feel Absolutely Incompetent’: Professionalism, Policy and Early Childhood Teachers.” Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 13 (3): 175–186.
9. Bradbury, A. 2014. “Early Childhood Assessment: Observation, Teacher ‘Knowledge’ and the Production of Attainment Data in Early Years Settings.” Comparative Education 50 (3): 322–339.
10. Brown, C. P., and N. B. Weber. 2016. “Struggling to Overcome the State’s Prescription for Practice: A Study of a Sample of Early Educators’ Professional Development and Action Research Projects in a High-Stakes Teaching Context.” Journal of Teacher Education 67 (3): 183–202.
11. Bryson, V. 2007. Gender and the Politics of Time: Feminist Theory and Contemporary Debates. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.
12. Bullough, R. V., K. M. Hall-Kenyon, K. L. MacKay, and E. Marshall. 2014. “Head Start and the Intensification of Teaching in Early Childhood Education.” Teaching and Teacher Education 37: 55–63.
13. Buzhardt, J., C. R. Greenwood, D. Walker, R. Anderson, W. Howard, and J. J. Carta. 2011. “Effects of Web-Based Support on Early Head Start Home Visitors’ Use of Evidence-Based Intervention Decision Making and Growth in Children’s Expressive Communication.” NHSA Dialog 14 (3): 121–146.
14. Costas, J., and C. Grey. 2014. “The Temporality of Power and the Power of Temporality: Imaginary Future Selves in Professional Service Firms.” Organization Studies 35 (6): 909–937.
15. Davison, C. 2004. “The Contradictory Culture of Teacher-Based Assessment: ESL Teacher Assessment Practices in Australian and Hong Kong Secondary Schools.” Language Testing 21 (3): 305–334.
16. Derrick-Mills, D. 2015. Understanding Data Use for Continuous Quality Improvement in Head Start: Preliminary Findings. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.urban.org/research/publication/understanding-data-use-continuous-qualityimprovement-head-....
17. Derrick-Mills, T., M. K. Winkler, O. Healy, and E. Greenberg. 2015. A Resource Guide for Head Start Programs: Moving Beyond a Culture of Compliance to a Culture of Continuous Improvement. (OPRE Report 2015-02). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
18. Easthope, C., and G. Easthope. 2000. “Intensification, Extension and Complexity of Teachers’ Workload.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 21: 43–58.
19. Fenwick, T., and R. Edwards. 2016. “Exploring the Impact of Digital Technologies on Professional Responsibilities and Education.” European Educational Research Journal 15 (1): 117–131.
20. Goldstein, J., and J. K. Flake. 2016. “Towards a Framework for the Validation of Early Childhood Assessment Systems.” Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability 28 (3): 273–293.
21. Isaacs, J., H. Sandstrom, M. Rohacek, C. Lowenstein, O. Healy, and M. Gearing. 2015. How Head Start Grantees Set and Use School Readiness Goals. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
22. Kilderry, A. 2015. “The Intensification of Performativity in Early Childhood Education.” Journal of Curriculum Studies 47 (5): 633–652.
23. Kim, K. 2016. “Teaching to the Data Collection? (Un)Intended Consequences of Online Child Assessment System, Teaching Strategies Gold.” Global Studies of Childhood 6 (1): 98–112.
24. Ledoux, M. W., N. N. Yoder, and B. Hanes. 2010. “The Use of Personal Data Assistants in Early Childhood Assessment.” Computers in the Schools 27 (2): 132–144.
25. Lingard, B., W. Martino, and G. Rezai-Rashti. 2013. “Testing Regimes, Accountabilities and Education Policy: Commensurate Global and National Developments.” Journal of Education Policy 28 (5): 539–556.
26. Nuttall, J., L. Thomas, and E. Wood. 2014. “Travelling Policy Reforms Reconfiguring the Work of Early Childhood Educators in Australia.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 12 (3): 358–372.
27. O’Brien, P., and B. Down. 2002. “What Are Teachers Saying About New Managerialism?” Journal of Education Enquiry 3 (1). https://www.ojs.unisa.edu.au/index.php/EDEQ/article/view/553/423.
28. Office of Head Start. 2011. Head Start Performance Standards. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/policy.
29. Office of Head Start. 2018. Head Start Program Information Report. https://hses.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/pir/.
30. Osgood, J. 2006. “Deconstructing Professionalism in Early Childhood Education: Resisting the Regulatory Gaze.” Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 7 (1): 5–14.
31. Paulsell, D., A. Gordon, R. Nogales, P. Del Grosso, S. Sprachman, and L. Tarullo. 2006. Implementation of the Head Start National Reporting System: Spring 2005 Update. Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED498080.pdf.
32. Roberts-Holmes, G. 2015. “The ‘Datafication’ of Early Years Pedagogy: ‘If the Teaching is Good, the Data should be Good and if there’s Bad Teaching, there is Bad Data’.” Journal of Education Policy 30 (3): 302–315.
33. Roberts-Holmes, G., and A. Bradbury. 2016. “Governance, Accountability and the Datafication of Early Years Education in England.” British Educational Research Journal 42 (4): 600–613.
34. Selwyn, N. 2011. “It’s All about Standardization: Exploring the Digital (Re)configuration of School Management and Administration.” Cambridge Journal of Education 41 (4): 473–488.
35. Selwyn, N. 2015. “Data Entry: Towards the Critical Study of Digital Data and Education.” Learning, Media and Technology 40 (1): 64–82.
36. Selwyn, N., M. Henderson, and S. H. Chao. 2015. “Exploring the Role of Digital Data in Contemporary Schools and Schooling—‘200,000 Lines in an Excel Spreadsheet’.” British Educational Research Journal 41 (5): 767–781.
37. Selwyn, N., S. Nemorin, and N. Johnson. 2017. “High-tech, Hard Work: An Investigation of Teachers’ Work in the Digital Age.” Learning, Media and Technology 42 (4): 390–405.
38. Shaffer, D. W., P. Nash, and A. R. Ruis. 2015. “Technology and the New Professionalization of Teaching.” Teachers College Record 117 (12): 1–30.
39. Sims, M., and M. Waniganayake. 2015. “The Performance of Compliance in Early Childhood: Neoliberalism and Nice Ladies.” Global Studies of Childhood 5 (3): 333–345.
40. Tanyel, N., and H. T. Knopf. 2011. “Does Using Digital Media in Assessment Affect Teacher Practices in Infant and Toddler Classrooms?” International Journal of Early Years Education 19 (3–4): 297–311.
41. Teaching Strategies Gold Online: Time-Saving Features. n.d. Teaching Strategies Gold, Inc. https://gold.teachingstrategies.com/content/GOLD/helpitems/GOLD_Time_Saving_Features.pdf.
42. Towers, I., L. Duxbury, C. Higgins, and J. Thomas. 2006. “Time Thieves and Space Invaders: Technology, Work and the Organization.” Journal of Organizational Change Management 19 (5): 593–618.
43. Valli, L., and B. Buese. 2007. “The Changing Roles of Teachers in an Era of High-stakes Accountability.” American Educational Research Journal 44: 519–558.
44. Williamson, B. 2015. “Governing Software: Networks, Databases and Algorithmic Power in the Digital Governance of Public Education.” Learning, Media and Technology 40 (1): 83–105.

