Penn H. The business of childcare in Europe
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Penn H. The business of childcare in Europe // Preschool Education Today. 2016, Issue 2 -
p. 64–78.
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Abstract
This article is based on work undertaken for the European Commission (EC) as part of a wider project on what is termed ‘social services of general interest’. The EC is currently engaged in considering what kind of legislative and quality assurance mechanisms might be promoted for those social services, which have been opened up to competition. The EC work reported here mapped the extent to which early education and childcare (ECEC) is provided by private organizations in the member states of the European Union, and what regulatory frameworks exist for such services. This article foregrounds the situation in the UK, and England in particular. England is exceptional in Europe in the degree to which it has conceptualized and promoted childcare as a business or for-profit enterprise; and it has developed a regulatory framework with a narrow scope which excludes or limits such issues as financial regulation, access, pay and conditions of work for staff, and accountability measures.
References
1. Clarke, A., D. Lawrence, E. Lloyd, H. Penn, and P. Blackburn. 2010. The London Childcare Market. Final Report. London: London Development Agency.
2. Daycare Trust. 2012. Annual Child Care Costs Survey. London: Daycare Trust.
3. Esping-Anderson, G. 1990. Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
4. European Commission. 2010. Second Biennial Report on Social Services of General Interest http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=794&langId=en
5. European Commission: Early Childhood Education and Care: Providing all our children with the best start for the world of tomorrow. Brussels. Communication from the Commission. COM (2011) XXX.
6. Faux, K. 2010. Ofsted Inspections: Why Go Private? Nursery World 17.3.2010 http://www.nurseryworld.co.uk/news/990513/Analysis-Ofsted-inspections–Why-go-private
7. Howes, C. and J. Brown. 2000. Improving Childcare Quality. California: UCLA Building Community Systems for Young Children series.
8. Immervoll, H., and D. Barber. 2005. Can Parents Afford to Work? Childcare Costs, Tax-benefit Policies and Work Incentives. OECD. Social, Employment and Migration Working papers no 31.
9. Jacobsen, K., and G. Vollset. 2012. «From «Black» Market Care to a Legal Right to a Place in Publicly Available and Supported Care and Education for All – The Case of Norway.» In Childcare Markets: Can They Deliver an Equitable Service, edited by E. Lloyd and H.Penn, 115–130. Bristol: Policy Press.
10. Laing and Buisson. 2011. Children’s Nurseries: UK Market Report 2011. 10th ed. London: Laing and Buisson.
11. Lloyd, E. 2012. «Parental Childcare Costs in the Netherlands after the Childcare Act 2005 –A Case Study.» In Childcare Costs, edited by Penn and Lloyd. London: DfE Research report forthcoming. Annex 1.
12. Lloyd, E., and H. Penn. 2010. «Why Do Childcare Markets Fail?» Public Policy Research 17 (1): 42–48.
13. Lloyd E. and H. Penn. 2012. Childcare Markets: Can They Deliver an Equitable Service? Bristol. Policy Press.
14. NESSE/EU. 2009. «Early Childhood Education and Care: Key Lessons from Research for Policy Makers.» Paper prepared by Helen Penn for the NESSE network of experts, Brussels. www.nesse.fr/nesse/nesse_top/tasks
15. Noailly, J., S. Visser, and P. Grout. 2007. «The Impact of Market Forces on the Provision of Childcare: Insights from the 2005 Childcare Act in the Netherlands», CPB Memorandum 176, The Hague, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. www.cpb.nl/nl/
16. Oberhuemer, P., I. Schreyer, and M. J. Neuman. 2010. Professionals in Early Childhood Education and Care Systems – European Profiles and Perspectives. Farmington Hills, MI: Barbara Budrich.
17. OECD. 2006. Starting Strong: Early Childhood Education and Care II. Paris: OECD.
18. OECD. 2011. Social and Family Database. Paris: OECD.
19. Ofsted. 2010a. Annual Report 2010. London: Ofsted.
20. Ofsted. 2010b. Complaints Procedures. London: Ofsted http: //www.ofsted.gov.uk/ Ofstedhome/Forms-and-guidance/Browse-all-by/Other/General/Complaints-procedure-raisingconcerns-and-making-complaints-about-Ofsted
21. Onnismaa, E., and M. Kalliala. 2010. «Finnish ECEC Policy: Interpretations, Implementations and Implications.» Early Years 30 (3): 267–277.
22. Penn, H. 2007. «Childcare Market Management: How the UK Government has Reshaped its Role in Developing Early Education and Care.» Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 8 (3): 192–207.
23. Penn, H. 2011. «Gambling on the Market: The Role of for-profit Provision in Early Childhood Education and Care.» Journal of Early Childhood Research 9 (2): 150–161.
24. Penn, H., and E. Lloyd. 2012. Childcare Costs. London: DfE Research Report forthcoming.
25. Plantegna, J. 2012. «Local Providers and Loyal Parents: Competition and Consumer Choice in a Dutch Childcare Market.» In Childcare Markets: Can They Deliver an Equitable Service, edited by E. Lloyd and H. Penn. Bristol: Policy Press.
26. Plantegna, J., and C. Remery. 2009. The Provision of Childcare Services. Brussels: European Commission, Department for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.
27. UNESCO. 2010. Building the Wealth of Nations: Regional Reports from the UNESCO World Conference on Early Childhood Care and Education. Paris: UNESCO. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-conference-on-ecce/reports/
28. Verbist, G., M. Furster, and M. Vaalavuo. 2012. The Impact of Publicly Provided Services on the Distribution of Resources: Review of New Results and Methods. Paris: OECD. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 130.
2. Daycare Trust. 2012. Annual Child Care Costs Survey. London: Daycare Trust.
3. Esping-Anderson, G. 1990. Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
4. European Commission. 2010. Second Biennial Report on Social Services of General Interest http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=794&langId=en
5. European Commission: Early Childhood Education and Care: Providing all our children with the best start for the world of tomorrow. Brussels. Communication from the Commission. COM (2011) XXX.
6. Faux, K. 2010. Ofsted Inspections: Why Go Private? Nursery World 17.3.2010 http://www.nurseryworld.co.uk/news/990513/Analysis-Ofsted-inspections–Why-go-private
7. Howes, C. and J. Brown. 2000. Improving Childcare Quality. California: UCLA Building Community Systems for Young Children series.
8. Immervoll, H., and D. Barber. 2005. Can Parents Afford to Work? Childcare Costs, Tax-benefit Policies and Work Incentives. OECD. Social, Employment and Migration Working papers no 31.
9. Jacobsen, K., and G. Vollset. 2012. «From «Black» Market Care to a Legal Right to a Place in Publicly Available and Supported Care and Education for All – The Case of Norway.» In Childcare Markets: Can They Deliver an Equitable Service, edited by E. Lloyd and H.Penn, 115–130. Bristol: Policy Press.
10. Laing and Buisson. 2011. Children’s Nurseries: UK Market Report 2011. 10th ed. London: Laing and Buisson.
11. Lloyd, E. 2012. «Parental Childcare Costs in the Netherlands after the Childcare Act 2005 –A Case Study.» In Childcare Costs, edited by Penn and Lloyd. London: DfE Research report forthcoming. Annex 1.
12. Lloyd, E., and H. Penn. 2010. «Why Do Childcare Markets Fail?» Public Policy Research 17 (1): 42–48.
13. Lloyd E. and H. Penn. 2012. Childcare Markets: Can They Deliver an Equitable Service? Bristol. Policy Press.
14. NESSE/EU. 2009. «Early Childhood Education and Care: Key Lessons from Research for Policy Makers.» Paper prepared by Helen Penn for the NESSE network of experts, Brussels. www.nesse.fr/nesse/nesse_top/tasks
15. Noailly, J., S. Visser, and P. Grout. 2007. «The Impact of Market Forces on the Provision of Childcare: Insights from the 2005 Childcare Act in the Netherlands», CPB Memorandum 176, The Hague, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. www.cpb.nl/nl/
16. Oberhuemer, P., I. Schreyer, and M. J. Neuman. 2010. Professionals in Early Childhood Education and Care Systems – European Profiles and Perspectives. Farmington Hills, MI: Barbara Budrich.
17. OECD. 2006. Starting Strong: Early Childhood Education and Care II. Paris: OECD.
18. OECD. 2011. Social and Family Database. Paris: OECD.
19. Ofsted. 2010a. Annual Report 2010. London: Ofsted.
20. Ofsted. 2010b. Complaints Procedures. London: Ofsted http: //www.ofsted.gov.uk/ Ofstedhome/Forms-and-guidance/Browse-all-by/Other/General/Complaints-procedure-raisingconcerns-and-making-complaints-about-Ofsted
21. Onnismaa, E., and M. Kalliala. 2010. «Finnish ECEC Policy: Interpretations, Implementations and Implications.» Early Years 30 (3): 267–277.
22. Penn, H. 2007. «Childcare Market Management: How the UK Government has Reshaped its Role in Developing Early Education and Care.» Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 8 (3): 192–207.
23. Penn, H. 2011. «Gambling on the Market: The Role of for-profit Provision in Early Childhood Education and Care.» Journal of Early Childhood Research 9 (2): 150–161.
24. Penn, H., and E. Lloyd. 2012. Childcare Costs. London: DfE Research Report forthcoming.
25. Plantegna, J. 2012. «Local Providers and Loyal Parents: Competition and Consumer Choice in a Dutch Childcare Market.» In Childcare Markets: Can They Deliver an Equitable Service, edited by E. Lloyd and H. Penn. Bristol: Policy Press.
26. Plantegna, J., and C. Remery. 2009. The Provision of Childcare Services. Brussels: European Commission, Department for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.
27. UNESCO. 2010. Building the Wealth of Nations: Regional Reports from the UNESCO World Conference on Early Childhood Care and Education. Paris: UNESCO. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/world-conference-on-ecce/reports/
28. Verbist, G., M. Furster, and M. Vaalavuo. 2012. The Impact of Publicly Provided Services on the Distribution of Resources: Review of New Results and Methods. Paris: OECD. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 130.