Lavrysen A., Bertrands E., Leyssen L., Smets L., Vanderspikken A., De Graef P. Risky-play at School. Facilitating Risk Perception and Competence in Young Children
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Lavrysen L., Bertrands E., Leyssen L., Smets L., Vanderspikken A., De Graef P. (2018). Risky-play at school. Facilitating risk perception and competence in young children. Preschool Education Today. 12:3, 54–63 (in Russian)
This work is licensed under a Сreative Commons Atribiution - NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Abstract
Recent research indicates that risk competence and perception can be improved through the learning environment. The project ’Riscki’ examined how risk perception and risk competence in young children between three and eight years of age can be observed and measured within the classroom and school context. An intensive package of risky-play activities was administered over a three month period to two classes (four- and six-year-olds) and two age-matched classes served as controls. Before and after the intervention period, quantitative and qualitative aspects of risk competence were evaluated in all children by: (1) a change detection paradigm; (2) teacher ratings; and (3) independent observer’s qualitative ratings. The results showed that risk perception and competence in young children can be improved through an intensive offer of risky-play activities at school. Moreover, the risk detection test and observational questionnaires are promising instruments to measure risk competence.
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24. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009a). “Characteristics of Risky Play.” Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning 9: 3–21. doi:10.1080/14729670802702762.
25. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009b). “Risky Play and Risk Management in Norwegian Preschools – A Qualitative Observational Study.” Safety Science Monitor 1: 1–12.
26. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009c). “Affordances for Risky Play in Preschool: The Importance of Features in the Play Environment.” Early Childhood Education Journal 36: 439–446. doi:10.1007/s10643-009-0307-2.
27. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2010). “‘it Tickles in my Tummy!’: Understanding Children’s Risk-taking in Play Through Reversal Theory.” Journal of Early Childhood Research 8: 67–88. doi:10.1177/1476718X09345393.
28. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2012). “Restrictive Safety or Unsafe Freedom? Norwegian ECEC Practitioners’ Perceptions and Practices Concerning Children’s Risky Play.” Child Care in Practice 18: 83–101. doi:10.1080/13575279.2011.621889.
29. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2014). “Early Childhood Education and Care Practitioners’ Perceptions of Children’s Risky Play; Examining the Influence of Personality and Gender.” Early Child Development & Care 184: 434–449. doi:10.1080/03004430.2013.794797.
30. Sandseter, E. B. H., and L. Kennair. (2011). “Children’s Risky Play from an Evolutionary perSpective: The Anti-phobic Effects of Thrilling Experiences.” Evolutionary Psychology 9: 257–284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22947972.
31. Shore, D. I., J. A. Burack, D. Miller, S. Joseph, and J. T. Enns. (2006). “The Development of Change Detection.” Developmental Science 9: 490–497. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00516.x.
32. Sjцberg, L., B.-E. Moen, and T. Rundmo. (2004). “Explaining Risk Perception. An Evaluation of the Psychometric Paradigm in Risk Perception Research.” Rotunde Publikasjoner Rotunde 84: 1–33. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Explaining+risk+percep....
33. Staempfli, M. B. (2008). “Reintroducing Adventure into Children’s Outdoor Play Environments.” Environment and Behavior 41: 268–280. doi:10.1177/0013916508315000.
34. Stephenson, A. (2003). “Physical Risk-taking: Dangerous or Endangered?” Early Years 23: 35–43. doi:10.1080/0957514032000045573.
35. Vetter, M., U. Kuhnen, and R. Lensing-Conrady. (2004). “Bonner Risikostudie”: Kцnnen gezielte Bewegungsangebote Riskiokompetenzen Stдrken und Unfalle vermeiden? Bonn.
36. Vetter, M., U. Kuhnen, and R. Lensing-Conrady. (2008). RisKids. Wie Psychomotorik hilft, Risiken zu meistern. Dortmund: Borgmann.
2. Alexander, S. A., K. L. Frohlich, and C. Fusco. (2012). “Playing for Health? Revisiting Health Promotion to Examine the Emerging Public Health Position on Children’s Play.” Health Promotion International 29: 155–164. doi:10.1093/heapro/das042.
3. Ball, D. J. (2002). Playgrounds – Risks, Benefits and Choices. London: Health and Safety Executive, Middlesex University.
4. Barbour, A. C. (1999). “The Impact of Playground Design on the Play Behaviors of Children with Differing Levels of Physical Competence.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 14: 75–98. doi:10.1016/S0885-2006(99)80007-6.
5. Bertrands, E., L. Leyssen, L. Smets, A. Vanderspikken, P. De Graef, and A. Lavrysen. (2014). “‘Riscki’: Het stimuleren van risicocompetentie bij jonge kinderen.” JGZ Tijdschrift voor jeugdgezondheidszorg 46 (5): 111–115.
6. Brussoni, M., S. Brunelle, I. Pike, E. B. H. Sandseter, S. Herrington, H. Turner, et al. (2014). “Can Child Injury Prevention Include Healthy Risk Promotion?” Injury Prevention: 1–4. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041241.
7. Brussoni, M., L. L. Olsen, I. Pike, and D. A. Sleet. (2012). “Risky Play and Children’s Safety: Balancing Priorities for Optimal Child Development.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. doi:10.3390/ijerph9093134.
8. Bundy, A. C., T. Luckett, P. J. Tranter, G. a. Naughton, S. R. Wyver, J. Ragen, and G. Spies. (2009). “The Risk is that There is ‘No Risk’: A Simple, Innovative Intervention to Increase Children’s Activity Levels.” International Journal of Early Years Education 17 (1): 33–45. doi:10.1080/09669760802699878.
9. Christensen, P., and M. R. Mikkelsen. (2008). “Jumping off and being Careful: Children’s Strategies of Risk Management in Everyday Life.” Sociology of Health & Illness 30 (1): 112–130. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.01046.x.
10. Clements, R. (2004). “An Investigation of the Status of Outdoor Play.” Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 5: 68–80. doi:10.2304/ciec.2004.5.1.10.
11. Gill, T. (2007). No Fear: Growing up in a Risk Averse Society. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
12. Johnson, J. E., J. F. Christie, and F. Wardle. (2005). Play, Development, and Early Education. Pearson: Allyn and Bacon. Retrieved from http://books.google.be/books/about/Play_development_and_early_education.html?id=RhhKAAAAYAAJ&....
13. Kernan, M. (2014). “Opportunities and Affordances in Outdoor Play.” In The SAGE Handbook of Play and Learning in Early Childhood, edited by L. Brooker, M. Blaise, and S. Edwards, 391–402. Los Angeles: SAGE.
14. Laevers, F. (2001). Procesgericht kindvolgsysteem voor kleuters. Toelichting bij de competenties. Leuven: CEGO Publishers.
15. Leyssen, L., L. Smets, A. Vanderspikken, and E. Bertrands. (2013). “Dat is kicken, man”: Kinderen leren omgaan met risico 29 (3): 2–6.
16. Little, H. (2010). “Relationship Between Parents’ Beliefs and Their Responses to Children’s Risktaking Behaviour During Outdoor Play.” Journal of Early Childhood Research 8: 315–330. doi:10.1177/1476718X10368587.
17. Little, H., and S. Wyver. (2008). “Outdoor Play: Does Avoiding the Risks Reduce the Benefits?” Australian Journal of Early Childhood 33: 33–40.
18. Little, H., and S. Wyver. (2010). “Individual Differences in Children’s Risk Perception and Appraisals in Outdoor Play Environments.” International Journal of Early Years Education 18: 297–313. doi:10.1080/09669760.2010.531600.
19. Little, H., S. Wyver, and F. Gibson. (2011). “The Influence of Play Context and Adult Attitudes on Young Children’s Physical Risk-taking During Outdoor Play.” European Early Childhood Education Research Journal 19: 113–131. doi:10.1080/1350293X.2011.548959.
20. Nikiforidou, Z., J. Pange, and T. Chadjipadelis. (2012). “Risk Literacy in Early Childhood Education Under a Lifelong Perspective.” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.343.
21. Rensink, R. A., J. K. O’Regan, and J. J. Clark. (1997). “To See or Not to See: The Need for Attention to Perceive Changes in Scenes.” Psychological Science 8: 368–373. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00427.x.
22. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2007a). “Categorising Risky Play — How Can we Identify Risk-taking in Children’s play?” European Early Childhood Education Research Journal 15: 237–252. doi:10.1080/13502930701321733.
23. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2007b). “Risky Play among Four and Five Year-old Children in Preschool.” In Vision into Practice. Making Quality a Reality in the Lives of Young Children, 248–257.
24. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009a). “Characteristics of Risky Play.” Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning 9: 3–21. doi:10.1080/14729670802702762.
25. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009b). “Risky Play and Risk Management in Norwegian Preschools – A Qualitative Observational Study.” Safety Science Monitor 1: 1–12.
26. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009c). “Affordances for Risky Play in Preschool: The Importance of Features in the Play Environment.” Early Childhood Education Journal 36: 439–446. doi:10.1007/s10643-009-0307-2.
27. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2010). “‘it Tickles in my Tummy!’: Understanding Children’s Risk-taking in Play Through Reversal Theory.” Journal of Early Childhood Research 8: 67–88. doi:10.1177/1476718X09345393.
28. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2012). “Restrictive Safety or Unsafe Freedom? Norwegian ECEC Practitioners’ Perceptions and Practices Concerning Children’s Risky Play.” Child Care in Practice 18: 83–101. doi:10.1080/13575279.2011.621889.
29. Sandseter, E. B. H. (2014). “Early Childhood Education and Care Practitioners’ Perceptions of Children’s Risky Play; Examining the Influence of Personality and Gender.” Early Child Development & Care 184: 434–449. doi:10.1080/03004430.2013.794797.
30. Sandseter, E. B. H., and L. Kennair. (2011). “Children’s Risky Play from an Evolutionary perSpective: The Anti-phobic Effects of Thrilling Experiences.” Evolutionary Psychology 9: 257–284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22947972.
31. Shore, D. I., J. A. Burack, D. Miller, S. Joseph, and J. T. Enns. (2006). “The Development of Change Detection.” Developmental Science 9: 490–497. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00516.x.
32. Sjцberg, L., B.-E. Moen, and T. Rundmo. (2004). “Explaining Risk Perception. An Evaluation of the Psychometric Paradigm in Risk Perception Research.” Rotunde Publikasjoner Rotunde 84: 1–33. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Explaining+risk+percep....
33. Staempfli, M. B. (2008). “Reintroducing Adventure into Children’s Outdoor Play Environments.” Environment and Behavior 41: 268–280. doi:10.1177/0013916508315000.
34. Stephenson, A. (2003). “Physical Risk-taking: Dangerous or Endangered?” Early Years 23: 35–43. doi:10.1080/0957514032000045573.
35. Vetter, M., U. Kuhnen, and R. Lensing-Conrady. (2004). “Bonner Risikostudie”: Kцnnen gezielte Bewegungsangebote Riskiokompetenzen Stдrken und Unfalle vermeiden? Bonn.
36. Vetter, M., U. Kuhnen, and R. Lensing-Conrady. (2008). RisKids. Wie Psychomotorik hilft, Risiken zu meistern. Dortmund: Borgmann.