Komarova I.I., Pashchenko A.K. History of preschool education programs in Russia

Received: 06/17/2023

DOI: 10.24412/2782-4519-2023-4118-35-55

Keywords: ECCE preschool education young children Ministry of Education educational policy transformation of education ecologization of childhood educational coverage legislation in the education system

To cite this article:

Komarova I.I., Pashchenko A.K. (2023). History of preschool education programs in Russia. Preschool Education Today. 4:17, 35-55 (in Russian). DOI: 10.24412/2782-4519-2023-4118-35-55

This work is licensed under a Сreative Commons Atribiution - NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)

2023, 4

Alexander K. Pashchenko
PhD in Psychology, Laboratory of Childhood Psychology and Digital Socialization, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education”, Moscow, Russia

Irina I. Komarova
PhD in History, Lead Researcher, Productive Forces Research Council of the Russian Foreign Trade Academy under the Ministry for Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, International Pedagogical Academy of Preschool Education, Moscow, Russia

Abstract

The relevance of research. The topic of education transformation is extremely relevant today, since in the last 10-20 years the approach to the role of preschool education (upbringing and education) of young children around the world has changed globally. As a result, many countries have revised approaches to preschool education, it has taken the place that this level of education deserves for the development of competitiveness of countries (Komarova, 2018). This forced the world community to reconsider its approaches to education and hold a series of congresses, conferences and symposiums dedicated to the transformation of national education systems. All the changes were the result of long-term (some were conducted since the 1960s) experiments and studies of educators and psychologists from different countries. Thus, today's transformation of the pedagogy of young children (from 0 to 8 years old) has become the result of largest scientific research (Komarova, Tishchenko, 2023). The article is devoted to the study of how the program documents changed in Russia and what studies preceded it. This is especially important today, when the program documents of the preschool education system have been radically changed three times over the past 10 years.

The purpose of the study: to present and analyze the logic of the emergence of various documents of the system of preschool education in Russia, in the creation of which great scientists were involved, what problems of preschool education and how they solved, how justified these decisions were for creating conditions for survival, upbringing and human development.

Description of the research progress. The study was based on the analysis of materials from four groups of sources. The first group consists of archival materials covering the period from 1900 to 1975, related to the activities of N.P. Sakulina and from 1908 to 2020, related to the activities of T.S. Komarova. Archival sources also include Reports of the Research Institute of Preschool Education of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences on scientific activities prepared by T.S. Komarova as Deputy Director for Science of the Research Institute of Preschool Education for the USSR Academy of Sciences; records of T.S. Komarova about the stay of American psychologists, including Uri Bronfenbrenner at the International Psychological Congress in Moscow. The first group includes materials from meetings on the preparation of the Concept for the Development of the Preschool Education System (2022–2023) by I.I. Komarova. The second group consists of books and articles devoted to research on the history of the formation of the preschool education system in the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. These materials were used earlier in the development of a course and a methodological manual for the State Academy of Education. The third group includes studies carried out by international research groups and international institutes on the formation of educational policy for young children (Komarova, Chabrova, 2022). This group also includes foreign dissertations devoted to the study of the Soviet experience after the publication of Bronfenbrenner's book on the Preschool Education Program in the USSR (Bronfenbrenner, 1976). The fourth group of sources is the program documents themselves, which regulate the state policy regarding preschool education and preschool education in Russia, from the middle of the 19th century to the present.

Research results. As a result of the study, material on the state of ECCE in Russia, its relationship with trends in various countries of the world was systematized. The analysis of sources allowed us to establish the continuity of different stages in the development of Russian preschool pedagogy and psychology, its orientation towards the scientific base and practical logic.

Conclusion. The world education system is changing before our eyes, and it is changing radically. The needs of these changes have been felt by most countries of the world. These changes lead to changes in educational policy, access to education, the emergence of new objects and subjects of education, the formation of a new structure of the sciences of education, pedagogy and psychology as scientific disciplines with their own assessment system, etc.

References

Al'medingen N.A., Tumim G.G. (1923). Portfel' doshkol'nogo rabotnika [Portfolio of a preschool worker]. Moscow; Petrograd: Gos. izd-vo. 156. Bibliogr. po voprosam doshkol'nogo obrazovaniya: 145–156.
Arkin E.A. (1924). Detskii sad v svete sotsial'noi gigieny i biologii [Kindergarten in the light of social hygiene and biology]. Moscow. Gosizdat. 275.
Basov M.Ya. (1975). Metody izucheniya rebenka. Izbrannye psikhologicheskie proizvedeniya [Methods of studying the child. Selected psychological works]. Moscow. Pedagogika. 16–78.
Bekhterev V.M. (1927). Ob obshchestvennom vospitanii detei rannego vozrasta [On the public education of young children]. Revolyutsiya i kul'tura.
Blonskii P.P. (1915). Vvedenie v doshkol'noe vospitanie [ntroduction to preschool education]. Sankt-Peterburg. Prakticheskie znaniya. (Ottisk iz zhurnala «Vestnik vospitaniya» №4).
Bronfenbrenner U. (1976). Dva mira detstva: Deti v SShA i SSSR [Two Worlds of Childhood: Children in the USA and the USSR]. Moscow. Progress.
Chulitskaya L.I. (1924). Biologicheskie osobennosti doshkol'nogo vozrasta i sistema Montessori. Novye idei v pedagogike. Peresmotr osnov pedagogiki Montessori [Biological some features of preschool age and the Montessori system. New ideas in pedagogy. Revision of the foundations of Montessori pedagogy]. 5. 38–61.
Dekret Soveta Narodnykh Komissarov ob uchrezhdenii Gosudarstvennoi komissii po prosveshcheniyu [Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the establishment of the State Commission for Education]. Gazeta Vremennogo Rabochego i Krest'yanskogo Pravitel'stva. 1917. №19. 12 noyabrya; Sobr. Uzak. 1917. №3. St. 32.. http://docs.historyrussia.org/ru/nodes/95642-dekret-soveta-narodnyh-komissarov-ob-uchrezhdenii-gosudarstvennoy-komissii-po-prosvescheniyu
Detskii sad v kolkhoze: posobie dlya doshkol'nykh rabotnikov (1935) [Kindergarten on a collective farm: a manual for preschool workers]. Pod red. V.D. Gilevich. Voronezh: Voronezh. obl. izd-vo. 201.
Doshkol'naya pedagogika (1978) [Preschool Pedagogy]. Pod redaktsiei V.I. Yadeshko i F.A. Sokhina. Moscow. Prosveshchenie. URL: http://i-gnom.ru/books/doshkolnaya_pedagogika.html
Doshkol'noe delo (1922) [Preschool Business]. Sbornik statei. Petrograd.
Doshkol'noe vospitanie v Leningrade za 15 let (1917–1932) [Preschool education in Leningrad for 15 years (1917–1932)]. Pod red. M. Makhlina, N. Al'medingen, O. Shirokogorova. M.; L.: Uchpedgiz, 1932. 120.
Engels F. (1959). Printsipy kommunizma [Principles of communism.]. Marks K., Engel's F. Sobr. soch. 2-e izd. T. 4. 322–339.
Ermolin A.A. (2020). Shkola kak tsentr razvitiya kompetentsii [School as a center for the development of competencies]. Moscow. Nornikel'.
Ganina S.A. (2012). Kontseptsiya svobodnogo vospitaniya: opyt sotsial'no-filosofskoi refleksii fenomena detstva [The concept of free education: the experience of socio-philosophical reflection of the phenomenon of childhood]. Obshchestvo. Sreda. Razvitie. 1. 183–186.
Instruktsiya po vedeniyu detskogo sada i ochaga (1919). Spravochnik po doshkol'nomu vospitaniyu [Instructions for maintaining a kindergarten and a hearth (1919). Handbook of preschool education]. Moscow. Izd. otdel Narodnogo komissariata po prosveshcheniyu. 34–38. URL: http://www.educationtheory.ru/eteos-186-2.html
Istoriya pedagogiki (1997) [History of Pedagogy]. Chast' 2. S XVII v. do serediny XX: Uchebnoe posobie dlya pedagogicheskikh universitetov. Pod red. A.I. Piskunova. Moscow. Sfera. 304.
Istoriya sovetskoi doshkol'noi pedagogiki (1988) [History of Soviet preschool pedagogy]. Khrestomatiya. Moscow. 58.
Kapterev P.F. (1999). Obuchenie detei doshkol'nogo vozrasta. Istoriya doshkol'noi pedagogiki v Rossii: ucheb. posobie dlya studentov vyssh. ped. ucheb. zavedenii, obuch. po spets. «Pedagogika i psikhologiya» [Teaching preschool children. History of preschool pedagogy in Russia: textbook allowance for students of higher education. ped. textbook institutions, educational according to special "Pedagogy and psychology"]. Pod red. S.F. Egorova. Moscow. 303–312.
Knyazev E. (2015). Yuliya Fausek i svobodnoe doshkol'noe vospitanie [Julia Fausek and free preschool education]. Doshkol'noe vospitanie. 3. 114–119.
Kollontai A.M. (1916). Obshchestvo i materinstvo [Society and motherhood]. Petrograd: Zhizn' i znanie.
Kollontai A.M. (1918). Sem'ya i kommunisticheskoe gosudarstvo [The family and the communist state]. Petrograd.
Komarova I.I. (2006). Putevoditel' po nauchnym obshchestvam Rossii [Guide to scientific societies of Russia]. New York. 996.
Komarova I.I. (2015) Glavnaya igrushka – voobrazhenie rebenka: O zhizni i tvorchestve Aleksandra Ustinovicha Zelenko. Arkhitekturnoe obozrenie. 1. 41–54.
Komarova I.I. (2019). Etnokul'turnoe obrazovanie detei doshkol'nogo vozrasta: Uchebno-metodicheskoe posobie dlya studentov [Ethnocultural education of preschool children: Teaching aid for students]. Moscow. IIU MGOU. 92.
Komarova I.I. (2022). Muzei kak novyi uchastnik obrazovatel'nykh otnoshenii v sisteme doshkol'nogo obrazovaniya [Museum as a new participant in educational relations in the system of preschool education]. Sovremennoe doshkol'noe obrazovanie. 5(113). 25–39. DOI: 10.24412/1997-9657-2022-5113-25-39
Komarova I.I., Tishchenko A.S. (2023). Mir doshkol'nogo obrazovaniya v XXI veke [he world of preschool education in the XXI century]. Sovremennoe doshkol'noe obrazovanie. 2(116). 16–33. DOI: 10.24412/2782-4519-2023-2116-16-33
Komarova T.S. (1982). Doshkol'noe vospitanie v SSSR [Preschool education in the USSR]. Sovetskaya pedagogika. 12. 54–60.
Kondrat'eva M.A., Shikalova T.N., Shklyaeva N.M. (2003). Teoriya i praktika doshkol'nogo obrazovaniya v Rossii: konets XIX 20-e gody KhKh stoletiya: ucheb. Posobie [Theory and practice of preschool education in Russia: the end of the 1920s of the 20th century: textbook. allowance]. Glazov: Izd-vo Glazov. ped. in-ta. 204.
KPSS v rezolyutsiyakh i resheniyakh s"ezdov, konferentsii i plenumov TsK 1898–1970 [CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee 1898-1970]. 9-e izd. Moscow. 1984. T.5. 118–119.
Krasnogorskaya L.I. (1938). Ocherki razvitiya doshkol'nogo vospitaniya [Essays on the development of preschool education]. Moscow.
Krupskaya N.K. (1924). S"ezd po doshkol'nomu vospitaniyu [Congress on preschool education]. https://coollib.com/b/143551-nadezhda-konstantinovna-krupskaya-doshkolnoe-vospitanie-voprosyi-semeynogo-vospitaniya-i-byita/read
Lazurkina D.L. (1920). O nasledii proshlogo v doshkol'nom vospitanii [On the legacy of the past in preschool education]. Byulleteni Otdela doshkol'nogo vospitaniya Narkomprosa. 2.
Leushina A., Makhlina M. Tumim N. (1932). Proletarskii Leningrad v bor'be za doshkol'noe vospitanie [Proletarian Leningrad in the struggle for preschool education]. Doshkol'noe vospitanie. 10–12. 32–39.
Litvin L.N. (1990). Pervyi Vserossiiskii s"ezd po doshkol'nomu vospitaniyu [First All-Russian Congress on Preschool Education]. Doshkol'noe vospitanie. 3. 56.
Litvin L.N. (1992). Obshchestvennoe doshkol'noe vospitanie v RSFSR. 1917-1940-e gg. [Public preschool education in the RSFSR. 1917-1940s]. Murmansk: Murmanskii gosudarstvennyi pedagogicheskii institut. 29.
Lunacharskii A.V. (1967). Sobranie sochinenii v vos'mi tomakh [Collected Works in eight volumes]. T.7. Estetika, literaturnaya kritika. Moscow. Khudozhestvennaya literatura.
Maksimova G.Yu., Vinogradova N.A. (2006). Antropologicheskie osnovaniya kontseptsii doshkol'nogo vospitaniya P. Kergomar i E.I. Tikheevoi. Istoriko-pedagogicheskoe znanie v nachale tret'ego tysyacheletiya: istoriko-pedagogicheskii komponent v pedagogicheskikh issledovaniyakh i pedagogicheskom obrazovanii [Anthropological foundations of the concepts of preschool education P. Kergomar and E.I. Tiheeva. Historical and Pedagogical Knowledge at the Beginning of the Third Millennium: Historical and Pedagogical Component in Pedagogical Research and Pedagogical Education]. Moscow. ASOU; Zolotaya bukva. 120–126.
Mansurova D.S. (1947). Pedagogicheskie vozzreniya Stanislava Teofilovicha Shatskogo [Pedagogical views of Stanislav Teofilovich Shatsky]. Diss… kand. ped. nauk. Moscow. 316.
Marks K. (1959). Kritika Gotskoi programmy [Criticism of the Gotha Program]. Marks K., Engel's F. Sobr. soch. 2-e izd. T. 22. 95–96.
Marks K., Engel's F. (1957). O vospitanii i obrazovanii [On upbringing and education]. Moscow.
Narodnoe obrazovanie v SSSR. Sbornik dokumentov 1917–1973 [Public education in the USSR. Collection of documents 1917–1973.]. Moscow. 1974. 327.
Omel'chenko N.A. (2015). V poiskakh obshchestvennogo ideala: problemy rossiiskoi gosudarstvennosti v obshchestvenno-politicheskoi mysli Rossii (X nachalo XXI vv.). Monografiya [In Search of a Social Ideal: Problems of Russian Statehood in the Socio-Political Thought of Russia (X-XXI centuries). Monograph]. N.A. Omel'chenko i dr. Moscow. Izdatel'skii dom GUU.
Ouen R. (1974). Novoe sushchestvovanie cheloveka na Zemle. Istoriya doshkol'noi zarubezhnoi pedagogiki: Khrestomatiya [The new existence of man on Earth. History of preschool foreign pedagogy: Reader]. Sost. N.B. Mchedlidze, A.A. Lebedenko, E.A. Grebenshchikova. Moscow. Prosveshchenie. 276–277.
Pedagogicheskaya bibliografiya: sistematicheskii ukazatel' knizhnoi i zhurnal'noi literatury po voprosam narodnogo prosveshcheniya za 1917–1924 gg.: [Pedagogical bibliography: a systematic index of book and journal literature on issues of public education for 1917–1924 in 6 books]. [Sost. D. E. Berezov i dr.]; Pod red. V.F. Lebedeva. L.: Gosizdat, 1925–1926. (Biblioteka pedagoga) [Kn. 4]: Doshkol'noe obrazovanie, 1926. 85.
Pedagogicheskaya entsiklopediya [Pedagogical encyclopedia]. T. 1. Moscow. Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1964.
Pedagogicheskie idei Roberta Ouena [The pedagogical ideas of Robert Owen]. Izbrannye otryvki iz sochinenii R. Ouena. Moscow. Uchpedgiz, 1940. 265.
Privetstvie N.K. Krupskoi s"ezdu «Voprosy, stoyashchie pered IV s"ezdom doshkol'nogo vospitaniya» [Greeting N.K. Krupskaya congress "Issues facing the IV congress of preschool education"]. https://bstudy.net/791896/pedagogika/chetvyortyy_vserossiyskiy_sezd_doshkolnomu_vospitaniyu_1928
Rezolyutsii po dokladam Vtorogo Vserossiiskogo s"ezda po doshkol'nomu vospitaniyu (s 25 noyabrya po 2 dekabrya 1921 g.) [Resolutions on the reports of the Second All-Russian Congress on Preschool Education]. Moscow. 1921. 136.
Rubinshtein M.M. (1918). Obshchestvennoe ili semeinoe vospitanie? [Public or family education?]. 2-e izd., vnov' prosmotr. i dop. Moscow. Zadruga. 99.
Rukovodstvo po sotsial'nomu vospitaniyu [Guide to social education]. Khar'kov, 1925. Vyp. 1. 122.
Shleger L.K. (1925). Osobennosti raboty s det'mi semiletnego vozrasta [Features of working with children of seven years of age]. Leningrad. Gosizdat. 43.
Shleger L.K. (1988). Prakticheskaya rabota v detskom sadu. Istoriya sovetskoi doshkol'noi pedagogiki: Khrestomatiya [Practical work in kindergarten. History of Soviet preschool pedagogy: Reader]. Moscow. Prosveshchenie. 339–354.
Simonovich A.S. (1907). Detskii sad: Prakticheskoe rukovodstvo dlya detskikh sadovnits [Kindergarten: A practical guide for kindergarteners]. Ric. ispolneny N.Ya. Simonovich-Efimovoi i I.S. Efimovym. 3-e izd., pererab. s mnogochisl. ric. rabot, s igrami, notami i rasskazami. Moscow. T-vo I.D. Sytina. [2], VIII, 9–305.: il.; 25,5kh17 sm (kniga), 29,5kh20 sm (papka).
Solomennikova O.A. (2009). Razrabotka programmnykh dokumentov dlya DOU na raznykh etapakh razvitiya doshkol'nogo obrazovaniya [Development of program documents for preschool educational institutions at different stages of development of preschool education]. Sovremennoe doshkol'noe obrazovanie. Teoriya i praktika. 6. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/razrabotka-programmnyh-dokumentov-dlya-dou-na-raznyh-etapah-razvitiya-doshkolnogo-obrazovaniya
Sventitskaya M.Kh. (1924). Nash detskii sad. Iz opyta doshkol'noi raboty detskogo gorodka im. III Internatsionala pri Narkomprose v Moskve [Our kindergarten. From the experience of preschool work in the children's town named after III International at the People's Commissariat for Education in Moscow]. Moscow. Novaya shkola. 255.
Taubman V.V., Fausek Yu.I. (1923). Teoriya i praktika detskogo sada Montessori [Theory and practice of kindergarten Montessori]. Peterburg; Moscow. Mysl'. 133.
Tezavrovskaya L.S. (1914). Narodnyi detskii sad Kruzhka sovmestnogo vospitaniya i obrazovaniya detei [Folk Kindergarten Mug of joint upbringing and education of children]. Moscow. 12.
Tikheeva E.I. (2011). O doshkol'nom vospitanii: organizatsiya, teoriya, metodika. Izbrannye trudy [On preschool education: organization, theory, methodology. Selected works]. Sost. L.N. Litvin, B.G. Golovina. Moscow. APKiPPRO. 210.
Tretii Vserossiiskii s"ezd po doshkol'nomu vospitaniyu. Istoriya sovetskoi doshkol'noi pedagogiki: Khrestomatiya [Third All-Russian Congress on Preschool Education. History of Soviet preschool pedagogy: Reader.]. Moscow. Prosveshchenie, 1988. 142–153.
Trudy Pervogo Vserossiiskogo s"ezda po semeinomu vospitaniyu: Peterburg, 30/XII-1912 g. 6/I-1913 g. [Proceedings of the First All-Russian Congress on Family Education: St. Petersburg, 30/XII-1912, 6/I-1913]. T. 1. Sankt-Peterburg, 1914. 25. https://www.prlib.ru/item/944112
Ural'skii oblastnoi doshkol'nyi metodicheskii kabinet. Kak sostavit' godovoi proizvodstvennyi plan doshkol'nogo uchrezhdeniya na osnove programm [Ural regional preschool methodical office. How to draw up an annual production plan for a preschool based on programs]. Sverdlovsk: UralONO, 1933. 21.
Utkin A.V. (2017). Formirovanie sovetskoi obrazovatel'noi doktriny. Obrazovanie v Rossii i mire v kontekste Oktyabr'skoi revolyutsii 1917 g.: Sb. nauch. trudov i materialov [Formation of the Soviet educational doctrine. Education in Russia and the World in the Context of the October Revolution of 1917: Sat. scientific labor and materials]. Moscow. ASOU. 102–112.
Volkova E.I. (1952). Doshkol'noe vospitanie v gody stalinskikh pyatiletok [Preschool education in the years of Stalin's five-year plans]. Moscow.
Volobueva L., Goldovskaya A. (2009). Iz istorii pervykh programm dlya detskogo sada [From the history of the first programs for kindergarten]. Doshkol'noe vospitanie. 11. https://dovosp.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/volobueva_goldovskaya.pdf
Vospominaniya o N.K. Krupskoi (1966) [Memories of N.K. Krupskaya]. Moscow.
Vserossiiskii s"ezd po doshkol'nomu vospitaniyu (1919, Moskva) [All-Russian Congress on Preschool Education]. Doklady, protokoly, rezolyutsii. Moscow. Gos. izd-vo, 1921. 224.
Wentzel K.N. (1918). Sotsializm i svobodnoe vospitanie [Socialism and free education]. Svobodnoe vospitanie i svobodnaya shkola. 6–7. 23–32.
Wentzel K.N. (1923). Teoriya svobodnogo vospitaniya i ideal'nyi detskii sad [The theory of free education and the ideal kindergarten]. Peterburg; Moscow. Golos truda. 102.
Yudina N.P. (2016). Dom svobodnogo rebenka grandioznyi pedagogicheskii eksperiment [The home of a free child is a grandiose pedagogical experiment]. Istoriko-pedagogicheskii zhurnal. 4. 86–98.
Zakon ob utverzhdenii osnov zakonodatel'stva Soyuza SSR i soyuznykh respublik o narodnom obrazovanii [Law on approval of the foundations of the legislation of the USSR and Union republics on public education]. Zakon SSSR ot 19.07.1973 N 4536-VIII. https://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_8127.htm
Zen'kovskii V.V. (2009). Russkaya pedagogika v KhKh veke. Khrestomatiya po istorii shkoly i pedagogiki Rossii pervoi treti KhKh veka [Russian Pedagogy in the XX century. Reader on the history of school and pedagogy in Russia in the first third of the twentieth century]. Moscow. ASOU. 44–46.
Zinevich N.A. (1968). S"ezdy pedagogicheskie i po narodnomu obrazovaniyu v dorevolyutsionnoi Rossii i v SSSR [Pedagogical and public education congresses in pre-revolutionary Russia and in the USSR]. Pedagogicheskaya entsiklopediya. Glav. red. I.A. Kairov i F.N. Petrov. T. 4. Moscow. Sovetskaya entsiklopediya.