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This article describes a longitudinal study on the perception of the world by senior preschool children carried out in Moscow as an example of the modern approach to the analysis of psychological characteristics of early childhood. Studies over the course of recent decades have seen young children as active and full-fledged participants in the research process and were eager to listen and to hear the child’s voice. New methodological approaches were developed, such as phenomenological, narrative, “mosaic”, and others. New diagnostic techniques that use these approaches have been created. Conditions for effective research involving younger children were studied, and reliable and adequate information was obtained from them. The Moscow longitudinal study was launched in 1992, at the beginning of fundamental social and economic reforms in Russia. It was aimed to analyze the impact of changes in the country on the views of senior preschool children. The study involved six-year-olds attending preschools in Moscow. Using a structural approach, each child was interviewed about their views on their life, themselves, as well as the latest developments in Russia and in the world. Six surveys have been completed to date. Each survey was associated with significant social, economic, and political changes in Russia. The research was continued in 2016-2017. The qualitative analysis as its main research method, which allows researchers to see children’s life through their own eyes, assess new opportunities and risks for their development in the modern world was implemented. This is the only Russian study that covers more than two decades which not only reveals the characteristics of the attitudes of children in a particular social environment but also documents the changes in these characteristics.