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One of the trends of modern social psychology is connected with the study of the environment in which a person develops. The article deals with an understanding of the mental development of the child from the perspective of ecological approach of U.Bronfenbrenner. The examples that reveal the relationship between the components of the social situation of development in terms of the ecological approach are given. The structure of the ecological environment of the person represented by the built-in one another microsystem mesosistemoy, exosystem and macrosystem. On the material of the research the features of each of the structures of ecological environment are demonstrated. It has been shown that human development is due to the interaction of the four main factors: personal characteristics, ecological environment, the activities in which he a person is involved, and the time. The concept of ecological validity is discussed. The importance of incorporating environmental considerations in the construction of educational work with children, planning research and development activities is shown.