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The article presents a series of studies of the effect of mother on the course of the child’s adaptation to preschool institute. Correlation between quality of attachment to the mother, the nature of the interaction in the dyad, mother’s attitudes to the preschool institute and adaptation of the child to preschool establishment are shown. The study involved 107 mother-child pairs. The methods used in the study were: analysis of adaptation lists of children; interview with teachers, aimed at identifying the features of adaptation of the child; standardized observation of children, including meeting and parting with mother; interviews with parents aimed at identification of the relationship to early childhood institutions; the questionnaire for the study of the interaction of parents with their children (Markovskaya, 1988); a questionnaire for children and parental emotional interaction (Zaharova, 2002). The results showed that the favorable course of the process of adaptation occurs in children with secure attachment, with a high level of emotional interaction between mother and child and the positive attitude of the mother to preschool education. Unfavorable adaptation is seen in children with insecure attachment, lack of positive emotional interaction in the dyad, negative experiences during mother’s visit to preschool establishment.